If you are wondering “how can I get pregnant quick”, then there are a number of things you need to be aware of. First and foremost, you need to know that there is no magic formula which will ensure that conception happens quickly, but rather a number of smaller steps you can take, each of which will influence the odds of a quick pregnancy by a few percent.

Know that if you want to know “how can I get pregnant quick”, then both partners are responsible. It is vital that you look at your own circumstances and those of your partner.

Ensuring you know when ovulation is happening is a excellent starting point. It is vital that intercourse happens at the right time and I would recommend using an ovulation predictor kit. Although other methods can be used, such as the cervical mucous method and basal body temperature, these are not as accurate and I feel the extra cost of a kit is well worthwhile. You are most fertile for two days before ovulation, on the day itself and the following day-so ensure you have intercourse daily at this time.

It is vital to avoid using perfumed products around the vaginal area as these can sometimes be hostile towards sperm and be counter-productive.

Another excellent tip for both partners if you are wanting to know “how can I get pregnant quick” is to take a critical look at what you are eating. Your diet is very vital as a balanced, healthy diet is known to increase fertility in both parties. Ensure that you both have all essential vitamins, minerals and trace elements-particularly zinc and selenium. It is worth considering taking one of the specialist supplements, designed for both men and women who are trying for a family.

It goes without saying really that you should both avoid alcohol, drugs, cigarettes and caffeine, as all are known to hinder conception.

There is a holistic system which has been clinically researched over 14 years and which guarantees to help couples become pregnant quickly. Containing secret natural infertility cures, powerful techniques and the step-by-step holistic infertility cure system which is all you will ever need to permanently eliminate infertility within weeks, most women will become pregnant within 3-4 months.

This “no stone unturned” system does not use drugs or surgery and has no side effects. But, it is powerful and potent and comes with a 100% guarantee.

To see further details, please visit Get Pregnant Quick. This will be all you need if you are wanting to know “how can I get pregnant quick”.

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If you have been trying to conceive for some time, it is understandable that you might be feeling nervous and are looking for help on how to get pregnant quick. Very often, just a few simple tips can be all that is needed to help you achieve that much-wanted pregnancy.

One of the most fundamental things which some couples overlook is the fact that you must know precisely when ovulation takes place. In a fertile woman, nearly without exception, ovulation will happen 14 days before the first day of the next period. Now if you have very regular periods, this will not be a problem. But, if your periods vary even by a day or so each month, it is worth using an ovulation prediction kit to accurately pinpoint the very day of ovulation, as many couples do not realize just what a small window of opportunity exists each month for conception.

Another factor worth bearing in mind when trying to learn how to get pregnant quick is that when delays in conception do occur, the issue can lie with either partner equally, whereas there can be a tendency to believe that as the woman is the one who carries the baby, the problem will naturally lie with her.

One way both partners can really help to boost fertility and therefore get pregnant quick is by ensuring that you both follow the principles of a healthy diet and avoid known harmful substances, such as alcohol, tobacco and illegal drugs completely. It is also worth checking whether any prescription medications you are taking have any contra-indications as far as pregnancy is concerned.

Rather than using a one-dimensional approach, it is well known that the couples who achieve pregnancy the fastest tend to be those who use a multi-faceted approach, using many tips in isolation.

There is a holistic system which has been clinically researched over 14 years and which guarantees to help couples become pregnant quickly. Containing secret natural infertility cures, powerful techniques and the step-by-step holistic infertility cure system which is all you will ever need to permanently eliminate infertility within weeks, most women will become pregnant within 3-4 months.

This “no stone unturned” system does not use drugs or surgery and has no side effects. But, it is powerful and potent and comes with a 100% guarantee. To see further details, please visit How To Get Pregnant Quick

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What is an Ectopic Pregnancy?
An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants itself outside of the uterus. The most common place for implantation to occur in an ectopic pregnancy is in the fallopian tubes, hence the moniker “tubal pregnancy”. But, the fertilized egg may also implant in the ovary, cervix or abdomen. It is extremely rare for an ectopic pregnancy to result in a live birth.

Because the egg implants itself somewhere other than the uterus, it is not able to develop properly. As the egg grows, it stretches the organ in which it has implanted itself. Eventually, this organ, most likely the fallopian tube, will burst, increasing a woman’s risk of hemorrhaging, which requires immediate medical attention.

Signs of Ectopic Pregnancy
On the surface, symptoms of ectopic pregnancy mimic those of pregnancy, making it hard to notice the warning signs. In general, though, typical ectopic pregnancy symptoms include:

• late period
• irregular vaginal bleeding
• lightheadedness, dizziness or fainting
• pain in the abdomen, shoulder, bladder and/or bowel

The most notable signs of ectopic pregnancy are sharp, stabbing pains, particularly in the abdomen. If you have had a positive pregnancy test and notice any of these tubal pregnancy symptoms, make an appointment with your health care provider straight away.

Diagnosing a Tubal Pregnancy
Due to increased awareness about ectopic pregnancies, more prenatal health care practitioners are screening their female patients for this pregnancy complication. This increased vigilance is part of the reason why maternal death rates are declining despite the fact that ectopic pregnancy numbers are going up.

In order to diagnose an ectopic pregnancy, your health care provider will first administer a pregnancy test (if you do not already have a positive pregnancy test). Once a pregnancy is confirmed, a blood test will be performed to evaluate your levels of hCG. In a healthy pregnancy, this hormone doubles roughly every two days until the 11th week pf pregnancy. But, in tubal pregnancies, hCG levels increase at a much slower rate.

In order to determine how your hCG levels are rising, your health care provider may monitor your levels over a period of days or she may calculate what they should be based on your last menstrual period and the approximate length of your pregnancy. Blood tests done to measure the level of progesterone in your system may also be helpful as an ectopic pregnancy often produces lower than normal progesterone levels.

An ultrasound is commonly done in the early stages of pregnancy to see how the fetus is developing. During this routine procedure, your health care provider will be able to see not only your uterus, but also your fallopian tubes and ovaries. During this exam, it is possible for your health care provider to see whether the embryo has implanted in the right location or not.

Treating an Ectopic Pregnancy
Because it is unlikely that the embryo will survive when it is implanted somewhere other than the uterus, and due to the risk of organ rupture and possibly maternal death, ectopic pregnancies are normally terminated. So long as your fallopian tube has not ruptured, this can be accomplished through the use of methotrexate, an injection drug that dissolves the embryo, allowing the body to reabsorb it. This is often preferred as it is a noninvasive procedure and helps to reduce the amount of scarring to your reproductive organs.

If it is not possible to use methotrexate, the embryo may be flushed out through a salpinostomy or removed through laparoscopy. But, if the organ in which the embryo has implanted itself ruptures, an emergency laparoscopy must be performed to remove both the embryo and the organ, most likely the fallopian tube.

Once the embryo has been removed, you will receive follow-up care and monitoring. This is done to ensure that your hCG levels return to zero. If they do not go down, you may receive further treatment with methotrexate to dissolve any lingering embryonic tissue remaining in the tube.

Affects on Fertility
Experiencing a tubal pregnancy can affect your future ability to get pregnant. If scarring, trauma or hurt has occurred to your reproductive organs, either because of the pregnancy or methods used to treat the ectopic pregnancy, it can make it more hard to conceive in the future. Additionally, experiencing an ectopic pregnancy puts you at risk of suffering another one in the future.

But, just because you have had one ectopic pregnancy does not automatically mean you will be infertile. While losing a fallopian tube does reduce your chances of pregnancy to about 40%, pregnancy is still possible. Many women who have had a tubal pregnancy are able to successfully conceive again within a year of their ectopic pregnancy.

If you are concerned about your fertility, speak with your health care provider about what you can do to preserve your fertility as well as increase your chances of pregnancy after a tubal pregnancy.

Are You at Risk?
Certain factors can place a woman at increased risk of an ectopic pregnancy. In numerous incidents, a tubal pregnancy results due to a blockage or narrowing in the fallopian tube, preventing the fertilized egg from traveling to the uterus. Factors that can increase your risk of having an ectopic pregnancy include:

• Pelvic inflammatory disease
• STDs
• Pregnancy over age 35
• Previous surgery on the fallopian tubes
• Previous ectopic pregnancy
• Endometriosis
• Use of certain ovulation medications

Moreover, if become pregnant while using an IUD, you have a significantly increased risk of developing an ectopic pregnancy.

Click Here To Learn How To Treat Infertility Naturally; Without Drugs or Surgery

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It is not unusual that some women experience implantation bleeding in the early stages of pregnancy. Any vaginal bleeding outside implantation bleeding of pregnancy is classified as a threatened miscarriage, meaning the pregnancy is threatening to miscarriage. About 25% of all pregnancies are really miscarried but 50% of all threatened miscarriages settle down and a normal pregnancy happens.

Implantation bleeding occurs very early in pregnancy as a direct result of the fertilized egg (your growing baby) burying and snuggling its way into the lining of your womb. Implantation bleeding occurs about 10-14 days after the egg has been fertilized or when conception occurred. This is also around the time when your menstrual cycles would be expected.

Signs of implantation bleeding can vary from one pregnant woman to another. It normally mild in nature and is much lighter than a normal menstrual period.

The color of implantation bleeding can vary form bright red to brown implantation bleeding. Bright red implantation bleeding means that there is an active area of bleeding within the womb and blood is flowing from the site of implantation to the vagina very quickly. It may indicate that implantation has just occurred.

Brown implantation bleeding is the color of ancient blood. When you get brown implantation bleeding it normally means that when the fertilized egg buried it way into the womb, a small blood was released. The bleeding that occurred at the moment of implantation stayed in the womb for some time so by the time you see it on your underwear or when you wipe yourself it showed up as brown implantation bleeding.

Most cases of implantation bleeding last for a few minutes to a few days. If implantation bleeding lasts more than a few days then it may be a sign of vaginal infection or a threatened miscarriage.

Heavy implantation bleeding is unusual. The only thing you might notice with implantation bleeding is a pinkish or brown discharge when you wipe yourself after you go to the bathroom.

Cramps with implantation bleeding can happen. You may even experience cramps with or without bleeding. The reason you may experience cramps with implantation bleeding is because as the fertilized egg buries into your womb, it caused the muscle of your womb to contract. These contractions press on nerve endings and may result in mild to moderate menstrual like pains for 24-48 hours.

Don’t panic if you have any of the above signs of implantation bleeding. Remember 50% of all cases of implantation bleeding end up in a normal pregnancy.

Know your blood type. Depending on your partner’s blood type and if you are a rhesus negative blood type then it may be necessary to have an Rh-immune globulin injection within 24 hours of any pregnancy bleeding.

If you suspect you may be pregnant and your bleeding is from implantation bleeding then do a home pregnancy test. This home test should remain positive. If it is positive and you do not know your blood Rhesus factor, then call your provider for consultation for possible Rh-immune globulin.

Never insert a tampon, douche, or have sexual intercourse while you are bleeding.

Keep track of whether the bleeding is increasing or decreasing and how many pads you are using.

If you feel your pregnancy bleeding is heavier or lasting longer than the above ranges then call your health care provider for consultation immediately.

Bleeding during pregnancy is scary. Your dread is picked up by your unborn child. Intra uterine dread can stay with your child for a lifetime, so constantly reassure your baby that he or she is wanted and loved. Want to know more about how pregnancy is like from your babies viewpoint then check out my Birth, A Conscious Choice. at http://www.PregnancySuccessCoach.com

You may also be very interested in an incredible message that was telepathically dictated to me for humanity from my son when he was seven-weeks ancient. Yes you read correctly! I have the ability to communicate with baby’s emotions from inside and outside the womb. Down load this INCREDIBLE MESSAGE FREE at http://www.PregnancySuccessCoach.com/Message_For_Humanity.html

If you wish to question me a personal question about your pregnancy or an issue in your life then visit http://www.PregnancySuccessCoach.com/Ask_Hannah_Section.html

Hannah Bajor. C.N.M.,M.S.N.

Certified Nurse Midwife

Pregnancy Success Coach

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We spend so many years of our adult life trying to avoid becoming pregnant, that initially, we reckon that as soon as we stop using contraception, a pregnancy will occur. But, this is not always the case and many couples are dismayed to find that month after month, there is that sinking feeling as yet another pregnancy test registers negative and yet another monthly period arrives.

There are various tricks to get pregnant quick which you can place into practice and very often it is a multifaceted approach which brings the fastest results. But, at the heart of any system to help you conceive are two issues which cannot be ignored which are integral to any tricks you can use and they are pinpointing ovulation and the timing of intercourse.

Without getting these two aspects right, then quite frankly, no other tricks to get pregnant quick will be of any use.

Women ovulate 14 days before the first day of the menstrual period. Now if your cycle is very regular, pinpointing ovulation is not hard. But, if your cycle is irregular, this can be much harder. There are methods to help you determine ovulation, such as monitoring your basal body temperature first thing on a morning and looking for the dip and peak around the middle of your cycle which heralds ovulation. Some women prefer to use the cervical mucus method, whereby the elasticity of the normal vaginal discharge is monitored and “clear and stretchy” means that ovulation is occurring. But, both of these methods are somewhat open to interpretation and I strongly feel that the investment in an ovulation predictor kit is a wise one. These kits will accurately pinpoint ovulation.

Once you know your cycle and when ovulation is occurring, you must time intercourse to coincide as you can only get pregnant around the time of ovulation. Intercourse should happen for the three days leading up to ovulation, the day of ovulation itself and for a day afterwards. Although the ovum usually only survives for up to 24 hours, sperm can live for up to 72, so this is why intercourse should happen before the release of the ovum.

Other simple tricks to get pregnant quick for both parties include eating a healthy diet which is rich in all essential vitamins, minerals and trace elements (particularly zinc and selenium) and avoiding known harmful toxins, including tobacco and alcohol. It also goes without saying that you must steer clear of illegal drugs and take advice from your pharmacist if you are taking any prescription medication.

There is a holistic system which has been clinically researched over 14 years and which guarantees to help couples become pregnant quickly. Containing secret natural infertility cures, powerful techniques and the step-by-step holistic infertility cure system which is all you will ever need to permanently eliminate infertility within weeks, most women will become pregnant within 3-4 months. This “no stone unturned” system does not use drugs or surgery and has no side effects. But, it is powerful and potent and comes with a 100% guarantee. To see further details, please visit Tricks To Get Pregnant Quick

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If you have been trying to conceive for more than a couple of months, you will no doubt be familiar with that horrible sinking feeling when the pregnancy test says “negative” and your monthly period arrives. It really feels like it will never happen and it’s simple for despondency to set in. Unfortunately, stress can be a real barrier to conception and the anxiety you feel only adds to this.

There are a number of natural tips for falling pregnant quick which you might like to try. Sometimes, just a push in the right direction is all that is needed to give nature a helping hand. Although some couples seem quite pleased to let the months go by, others prefer to be proactive and not play the waiting game.

First of all, you should ensure that you are ovulating and that you know the exact days when this is happening. Ovulation occurs 14 days before the first day of your period. You can confirm ovulation by using the cervical mucus method or by taking your basal body temperature. Although both of these methods can be used successfully, over the last few years things have went on, and ovulation predictor kits are now available which take away the element of doubt. I feel that if you are looking for tips for falling pregnant quick, one of the best investments you can make is to buy one of these as you can then know when to have intercourse with a high degree of accuracy.

Once you have established when ovulation is taking place each month, you should have intercourse on the two days before this, the day of ovulation itself and the day afterwards. As the ovum can only live for about 24 hours, there is a limited timescale for conception. But, sperm can survive for around 3 days, and this is why having intercourse before ovulation can be beneficial.

For couples wanting tips for falling pregnant quick, looking at your diet can help. Focus on eating a healthy, well balanced diet which is rich in essential minerals, vitamins and the trace elements, selenium and zinc which are essential for both parties. You should obviously avoid known harmful substances such as illegal drugs and alcohol. In addition, keep an eye on which prescription drugs you are taking and perhaps check with your doctor that they will not cause harm. Caffeine is also known to have an adverse affect on fertility so it is wise for both parties to keep their intake down.

There is a holistic system which has been clinically researched over 14 years and which guarantees to help couples become pregnant quickly. Containing secret natural infertility cures, powerful techniques and the step-by-step holistic infertility cure system which is all you will ever need to permanently eliminate infertility within weeks, most women will become pregnant within 3-4 months. This “no stone unturned” system does not use drugs or surgery and has no side effects. But, it is powerful and potent and comes with a 100% guarantee. To see further details, please visit Tips For Falling Pregnant Quick

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 Constipation in pregnancy can cause bloating, pain and even pre term labor. Read on to see what options pregnant women have for constipation relief during pregnancy.

Constipation relief during pregnancy is a question many pregnant women question. Approximately half of all women experience constipation in pregnancy.

 The pregnancy hormone progesterone has a relaxing effect on the intestines and this slows the movement of the bowel causing pregnancy constipation.

The growing fetus needs as much vitamins, minerals and nutrients as possible. Therefore the increasing hormone levels of a pregnant woman cause food to go slower through the bowels. This results in constipation but also gives the body more time to absorb extra nutrients.

Pregnant women need extra water for the extra blood volume required for pregnancy. Therefore the mother will absorb more water from the bowel than normal which will result in a harder, dryer bowel movement resulting in constipation.

The longer food stays in the intestines, the more water is reabsorbed from the bowel into the body to accommodate for the extra blood volume required during pregnancy.

All prenatal vitamins contain iron which is known to cause constipation in pregnancy.

 Constipation relief during pregnancy:

Drink at least 8-10 glasses of oxygen rich purified water a day.

 Increase fiber in your diet such as whole grains and brown rice.

 Eat more fresh fruit and vegetables, particularly prunes (which can be taken via prune juice).

 Peppermint tea or peppermint water can help with gas or bloating pains.

 Try to reduce stress in your life as stress can cause constipation.

 You may have to switch you prenatal vitamins over to a different brand. Even though they all have iron, some brands may be less pregnancy constipating to you than others.

 Add a small more exercise to your daily routine. If you do not normally exercise then start with 10-15 minutes walking every day. If you routinely exercise change your exercise routine slightly to see if you can stimulate bowel activity.

 Mangosteen juice Mangosteen juice has been shown to have a positive effect on all systems of the body including bowel mobility. Mangosteen is a fruit and is very effective in preventing pregnancy complications.

 Consult with a homeopath for a pregnancy safe homeopathy remedy for constipation.Avoid over-the-counter laxatives as they can stimulate uterine contractions resulting in miscarriage or pre-term labor.

 Prevention of constipation is the best place to start. Many of my pregnant clients have experienced a constipation free pregnancy by taking mangosteen and minerals on a daily basis prior and during pregnancy. Mangosteen is present in different quantities in different products. Wondering where to get more information about a high quality mangosteen and mineral product? Mangosteen is present in different quantities in different products, so do your research.

 I urge you to act at once. Read for yourself, an incredible message for humanity from my son when he was seven-weeks ancient. Yes you read correctly, he was seven weeks ancient! I have the ability to communicate with baby’s emotions from inside and outside the womb. Read it! Delight in it! Share it!

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It’s quite hard to describe the desolation you feel when you are trying to get pregnant and when, month after month, the pregnancy test is negative and our period arrives. Sadly, the stress associated with this can be a negative factor when you are trying for a baby.

There are a number of tips on falling pregnant quick which you can try which can sometimes be all that’s needed to give nature a helping hand. Rather than being a couple who is pleased to leave things to chance, at least you are being proactive and improving the odds naturally rather than watching the months tick by.

One of the most vital factors to look at is ovulation. You need to both ensure that, firstly, you are ovulating and, secondly, the day in your cycle when ovulation takes place. This usually happens 14 days before the first day of your period. But, if your cycle is irregular, timing by counting the days alone can be risky. Checking ovulation can be done by using the cervical mucus method or by taking your basal body temperature. But, I really feel that the latest ovulation prediction kits are a godsend as they eliminate the element of doubt and you know exactly when to have intercourse.

Once you have established when you are ovulating, tips on falling pregnant quick include having intercourse for two days before, on the day of ovulation itself and the day following. The ovum can only survive for 24 hours, but sperm can last up to 72 and so this timeframe takes into account the fact that if you have intercourse a couple of days before ovulation, sperm could be there, ready and waiting, to fertilize the ovum when it is released.

Other tips on falling pregnant quick are ensuring that the vaginal environment is conducive to conception. You should avoid using perfumed soaps and douching, as this can upset the delicate balance. Avoid using lubricants and even perfumed tampons.

There is a holistic system which has been clinically researched over 14 years and which guarantees to help couples become pregnant quickly. Containing secret natural infertility cures, powerful techniques and the step-by-step holistic infertility cure system which is all you will ever need to permanently eliminate infertility within weeks, most women will become pregnant within 3-4 months. This “no stone unturned” system does not use drugs or surgery and has no side effects. But, it is powerful and potent and comes with a 100% guarantee. To see further details, please visit Tips On Falling Pregnant Quick

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Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/pregnancy-articles/tips-on-falling-pregnant-fastincrease-your-chances-of-conception-1390059.html

PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS IN ruminants

1 Introduction

Rectal palptation in small ruminants is of small value due to the size of the pelvis. (Wani, 1981). The caudal artery monitoring, bloatment, non-return to oestrus, udder development and other tests tried have had small success, (Wani & Sahni,1980). The more recent interest in early pregnancy 3. diagnosis of small ruminants is of academic and economic importance (Mellado,2003). A highly valued zygote or embryo when transferred to a less valued surrogate mother (recipient) needs to be closely monitored and the early detection of conception helps in repeated use of baren females. Proper management of pregnant animals also prevents embryonic losses. The method applied should be safe to both offspring and dam and needs to be cheap and easily applied. A review of various methods and techniques used for early pregnancy diagnosis in small ruminants. (sheep and goats) is presented.

.2 Early Signs of Pregnancy

2.1. Maintenance of a functional corpus luteum

It was evident that conception prolongs the life of the CL and prolongation and maintenance of a functional CL is triggered by the developing conceptus. These signals ensure the maintenance of the structural integrity of the CL. Corpus luteum produces progesterone, which maintains the uterine endometrium in a state permitting embryonic development, implantation and foetal-placental development (wani,1984b) . The formation and regression of the corpus luteum (CL) in Muzzaffarinagri ewes and Jamunapari goats was monitored at 3 days intervals for an entire oestruous cycle. Laparotomy and laparoscopic methods were used in these experiments.

The Endometrium undergoes tissue remodeling. This change in Extra cellular Matrix (ECM ) components is needed for successful implantation. Cytokinens 8,18 and 19 have been detected in the caprine endometrium during early pregnancy using immunofluorescence. Thus the presence of these cytokinen at approximately day 15 post conception is indicative of pregnancy in goats.

The implantation process in goats starts around day 18 post mating. During this phase intense type I collagen staining was detected throughout the uterine caruncular and intracaruncular stroma. For embryonic trophoblastic adhesions with endometrium, local control of protease activity is suggested. (Guillomot, 1999).

The earliest signs of pregnancy is the non-regression of the cyclic CL, which can be observed by the following methods:

i. Laparoscopy and Laparotomy approximately day 18-25 post mating. (Wani, 1982, 1988, 1984b,Wani & Buchoo, 1990, Wani & Buchoo, 1993, Cuellar et al, 1990, Wani et al, 2003).

ii. Serum Progesterone values higher than 1 ng/ml e.g 2 to 3 ng/ml. (Wani, 1989; Shreif, 1997, Boscas et al, 2003, Al-Merestani et al, 1999, Zarkawiet et al, 1999). Diagnosis of Pregnancy accurately (100%) predicted on the basis of serum progesterone P4 values around 17-19 days post mating .

iii. Pregnancy associated ovine glycoproteins recorded approximately post mating indicate pregnancy in sheep. (Karen et al, 2003; Verberckmoes, et al, 2004) or secretion of 17 & 22-24 K Da proteins on day 17 post mating in the caprine conceptus. (Guillomot et al, 1998).

iv. Non-return to oestrus (Mellado, 2003)

Some of the other early pregnancy signs detected by various methods are set out in Table 1.

3 Non-rejection of early conceptus

Progesterone maintains the uterine endometrium in a state which allows for embryonic development, implantation and foetal placental development. Details of foetomaternal relationships have been described (Mufti, 1997, Mufti et al, 2000)and are shown illustrated in Fig 1to 5. The presence of an early conceptus prolongs the life of corpus- luteum. These pregnancy signals are secreted as proteins. (Heap et al, 1990). Some of these proteins have been identified as ovine Trophablast protein I (OTP-1) in sheep which prevents the release of PGF2 alpha and thus helps in the maintenance of the corpus luteum. In cyclic ewes (non-pregnant) PGF2 alpha pulses are released in response to oxytocin with receptors being in the endometrium. The earliest signal of pregnancy is detected by a marked reduction in the endometrial oxytocin receptor numbers. The OTP-1 may inhibit synthesis of endometrial receptors for oestrogen and oxytocin. This possibly prevents luteolysis and maintains the dominance of theuterus by progesterone which is pre-requisite for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. (Bretzlaft and Romano, 2001; Wani, 1996; Ala cam et al, 1988).

The expression of progesterone receptors (PR) in the caprine uterus markedly increases during the peri-implantation period and estrogen –(ER) receptors do not increase in relation to PR, thus signaling the non-rejection of the early conceptus. (Flores et al, 2001). Progesterone in milk too can be found during early fertilization and conception (Cough et al, 1989).

Caprine H-type I antigen expression is unregulated during peri-implantation and progesterone P4 level stimulate it. It may be a useful marker to signal uterine preparations for receiving and retaining pregnancy in goats. (Powell et al, 2000). The caprine pregnancy related glycoprotein (Ca PAG) may help the conceptus to develop and is found around 18-19 day post mating . (Garbayo et al 2000). Endometrial tissue the undergoes remodeling to retain the conceptus in gravid small ruminant females. (Guillomot, 1999)

The dephosphorylated state of caprine uterine myocin in early pregnancy may help the conceptus to grow. Changes in the expression of native myocin, myosin heavy chains (MHCS) and myosin light chains (MLCS) were observed. (Kumar and Katoch, 1997).

For the development of the blastocyst, a proper uterine environment is essential. Besides the maintenance of the corpus luteum, production and availability of progesterone, the non-rejection of conceptus (blastocyst) is another critical feature of this period. The embryo produces interferons (embryo-IFN). This embryo IFN is homologous with – interfersons ( ? –IFN) and Ovine Trophoblast Interferons (OTI) of early pregnancy.

Purified OTP and recombinant OTP (r-oTP) produced in yeast exhibit antiviral activity and these r-OTP and OTP inhibit the release of endometrial PGF2 ? . This helps in the non-regression of the CL and indirectly maintains the early conceptus. Intra uterine r-OTP administered at a dose of 340 µg/ day for a week maintained the C.L in cyclic ewes for a month or so of . The inter- oestruos interval in 80% of the ewes was about a month or more. This dose r-OTP was as a effective as 14-16 day ancient conceptus. OTP was found to be immunosuppressive in several in-vitro and in-vivo assays. An assay on phytohaemagglutinin A revealed both OTP and r-OTP to be immunosuppressive. This was further verified by the inhibitory activity of r-OTP in Graft Versus Host Reaction. (GVH assays). Trophoblast interferons play a strategic role in the prevention of early pregnancy loss as it inhibits CD + blastogenesis. The role of CD + cells and as helper T lymphocytes and delayed+ Type hyper sensitivity mediators (DTHS) would clarify this immuno- suppressive rate of OTP. (ILeri et al, 1996; Karen et al, 2003; Wani, 1996).

3.4 Oestrogen: – Pregesterone ratio (E:P ratio)

The role of oxytocin in inducing uterine PGF2 alpha was discussed earlier. But, the release of PGF2 under the action of oxytocin depends on or is controlled by progesterone and oestradiol. It was further indicated that ewes with a high E:P ratio may generate stronger luteolytic signals. It was demonstrated that low progesterone and high oestradiol combination record the largest and sustained increase in PGF2 alpha following oxytocin injection. Trophoblast interferons act locally to suppress the uterine oxytocin receptors in sheep.(Karen et al, 2003 ).

5 Maternal recognition of pregnancy

The maternal recognition of pregnancy in sheep and cattle is centered around the production by the trophoblast of type I x interferon (tINF). This tIFN then suppresses uterine oxytocin receptor concentrations (OTr). The oxytocin receptor (OTr) occupancy is associated with oxytocin induced PGF2 alpha release. OTr inhibition may represent the principal antiluteolytic mechanism of tIFN and secretion of the conceptus secretory proteins or bovine recombinant IFN to the uterus reduces OTr. Concentrations in intact and ovarectionized steroid treated ewes . A relationship between the conceptus secretory proteins and the metabolic products and those in the peripheral blood of the dam exists. ( Mufti; 1996; Mufti et al, 2000). There are conflicting reports making the action of oestradiol on oxytocin receptor concentration. (Powell et al, 2000). Trophoblastic cells contain interferon on day 14-17 after mating. During maternal recognition of pregnancy goat interferon was detected on day 18 post mating, its absence signifies pregnancy maintenance has been taken over by the corpus luteum. Thus a very thin line exists between maternal recognition of pregnancy and its maintenance or sustenance by the CL. (Gillomot et al, 1998).

6 The Reliability Pregnancy tests

Various methods used for correctly predicting pregnancy in sheep and goats during gestation have been summarized in Table 2. The accuracy varies from 70 to100% with different ultrasonic equipment. Different models as well as principles involved have been extensively reviewed (Wani, 1991; Wani et al,1998) and other methods of pregnancy detection during this stage e.g serum progesterone determination, vaginal cytology, laparotomy, estrone sulphate are summarized (Table-2). Various techniques were also evaluated in assessing mid-gestation. The various pregnancy signs as quoted by

various researchers using ultrasonography are summarized in Table 3. Of late certain anatomical features in the live, developing conceptus in vivo have been reported. This is reviewed and a summary is presented (Table 4). Various live foetal measurements like Biparietal diameter, Amniotic vesicle diameter, foetal radius and Tibia lengths are reviewed and shown (Table 5). Various pregnancy related images, histological sections and morphology of endometeruim have recently be published (Wani et al 2007, 2006 abc) where images are presented 6-15

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Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/education-articles/early-pregnancy-diagnosis-in-ruminants-358409.html

If you are trying to have a baby, there’s nothing more disheartening than the all-too-familiar feeling as you start your monthly period yet again. But, there some top tips for getting pregnant quick which might help to speed things up for you, but bit is vital that you know that it can take time but it will happen naturally for most couples given time.

Around 80% of normal healthy couples will conceive within the first year. Out of these, 25% will conceive within the first month, 60% will be pregnant after 6 months and 75% after 9 months. After a year, 80% will have conceived. After 18 months, statistics show that the figure has risen to 90%.

So what does this mean to you? Well, the statistical evidence is based on normal healthy couples, so why do some conceive quickly and others take such a long time in comparison? There are a wide variety of factors which can affect a couples ability to conceive, including diet, lifestyle and physical fitness. In addition, there is evidence to suggest that mental well-being can affect the odds.

In general, unless you are aware of any particular issues affecting your fertility, it is thought that making several small changes can really help and that this multifaceted approach can be exactly what is needed to make the difference between conceiving in, say, 2 months or for conception to take a year or more.

Try to follow these tried and tested top tips for getting pregnant quick and this rather “trying time” could soon be a thing of the past!

* Ensure that you know when ovulation takes place. Try using an ovulation predictor kit which is much more accurate than the cervical mucous method or the basal temperature method. Have intercourse two days prior to ovulation, on the day itself and the day after. This will ensure that it maximizes the amount of sperm available to fertilize the ovum when it is released.

* Eat a healthy diet prior to trying to conceive. This applies to both parties. Ensure that you have a proper intake of all essential vitamins, minerals and trace elements. Eat plenty of low stout proteins and avoid processed meats and foods with artificial additives. It is best if both parties avoid alcohol and smoking is a huge no-no. It also goes without saying that non-prescription drugs should be avoided.

* Ensure that the man keeps his testes cool. It is a known fact that overheating can be a cause of a man producing less viable sperm. Wear boxer shorts where possible rather than tight fitting briefs.

* Try to relax! I know it’s simpler said than done, but statistics show that being tense can adversely affect fertility and this is surprisingly one of the best top tips for getting pregnant quick. It’s a well known fact that couples who “forget” about trying to conceive often manage to become pregnant within weeks, and this can happen even after infertility treatment.

Despite researching and putting into practice various pieces of advice, some couples still do not conceive after several months. Rather than leaving matters completely to chance, it makes sense to implement a tried and tested method which is guaranteed to work.

If you want to speed up the process naturally and see details of a holistic system which will eliminate infertility and give you the baby you so want, please see Top Tips For Getting Pregnant Quick

.

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/pregnancy-articles/simple-tips-for-getting-pregnant-fasthelping-infertility-naturally-1253421.html