infertilityhospital.blogspot.com

What is an Ectopic Pregnancy?
An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants itself outside of the uterus. The most common place for implantation to occur in an ectopic pregnancy is in the fallopian tubes, hence the moniker “tubal pregnancy”. But, the fertilized egg may also implant in the ovary, cervix or abdomen. It is extremely rare for an ectopic pregnancy to result in a live birth.

Because the egg implants itself somewhere other than the uterus, it is not able to develop properly. As the egg grows, it stretches the organ in which it has implanted itself. Eventually, this organ, most likely the fallopian tube, will burst, increasing a woman’s risk of hemorrhaging, which requires immediate medical attention.

Signs of Ectopic Pregnancy
On the surface, symptoms of ectopic pregnancy mimic those of pregnancy, making it hard to notice the warning signs. In general, though, typical ectopic pregnancy symptoms include:

• late period
• irregular vaginal bleeding
• lightheadedness, dizziness or fainting
• pain in the abdomen, shoulder, bladder and/or bowel

The most notable signs of ectopic pregnancy are sharp, stabbing pains, particularly in the abdomen. If you have had a positive pregnancy test and notice any of these tubal pregnancy symptoms, make an appointment with your health care provider straight away.

Diagnosing a Tubal Pregnancy
Due to increased awareness about ectopic pregnancies, more prenatal health care practitioners are screening their female patients for this pregnancy complication. This increased vigilance is part of the reason why maternal death rates are declining despite the fact that ectopic pregnancy numbers are going up.

In order to diagnose an ectopic pregnancy, your health care provider will first administer a pregnancy test (if you do not already have a positive pregnancy test). Once a pregnancy is confirmed, a blood test will be performed to evaluate your levels of hCG. In a healthy pregnancy, this hormone doubles roughly every two days until the 11th week pf pregnancy. But, in tubal pregnancies, hCG levels increase at a much slower rate.

In order to determine how your hCG levels are rising, your health care provider may monitor your levels over a period of days or she may calculate what they should be based on your last menstrual period and the approximate length of your pregnancy. Blood tests done to measure the level of progesterone in your system may also be helpful as an ectopic pregnancy often produces lower than normal progesterone levels.

An ultrasound is commonly done in the early stages of pregnancy to see how the fetus is developing. During this routine procedure, your health care provider will be able to see not only your uterus, but also your fallopian tubes and ovaries. During this exam, it is possible for your health care provider to see whether the embryo has implanted in the right location or not.

Treating an Ectopic Pregnancy
Because it is unlikely that the embryo will survive when it is implanted somewhere other than the uterus, and due to the risk of organ rupture and possibly maternal death, ectopic pregnancies are normally terminated. So long as your fallopian tube has not ruptured, this can be accomplished through the use of methotrexate, an injection drug that dissolves the embryo, allowing the body to reabsorb it. This is often preferred as it is a noninvasive procedure and helps to reduce the amount of scarring to your reproductive organs.

If it is not possible to use methotrexate, the embryo may be flushed out through a salpinostomy or removed through laparoscopy. But, if the organ in which the embryo has implanted itself ruptures, an emergency laparoscopy must be performed to remove both the embryo and the organ, most likely the fallopian tube.

Once the embryo has been removed, you will receive follow-up care and monitoring. This is done to ensure that your hCG levels return to zero. If they do not go down, you may receive further treatment with methotrexate to dissolve any lingering embryonic tissue remaining in the tube.

Affects on Fertility
Experiencing a tubal pregnancy can affect your future ability to get pregnant. If scarring, trauma or hurt has occurred to your reproductive organs, either because of the pregnancy or methods used to treat the ectopic pregnancy, it can make it more hard to conceive in the future. Additionally, experiencing an ectopic pregnancy puts you at risk of suffering another one in the future.

But, just because you have had one ectopic pregnancy does not automatically mean you will be infertile. While losing a fallopian tube does reduce your chances of pregnancy to about 40%, pregnancy is still possible. Many women who have had a tubal pregnancy are able to successfully conceive again within a year of their ectopic pregnancy.

If you are concerned about your fertility, speak with your health care provider about what you can do to preserve your fertility as well as increase your chances of pregnancy after a tubal pregnancy.

Are You at Risk?
Certain factors can place a woman at increased risk of an ectopic pregnancy. In numerous incidents, a tubal pregnancy results due to a blockage or narrowing in the fallopian tube, preventing the fertilized egg from traveling to the uterus. Factors that can increase your risk of having an ectopic pregnancy include:

• Pelvic inflammatory disease
• STDs
• Pregnancy over age 35
• Previous surgery on the fallopian tubes
• Previous ectopic pregnancy
• Endometriosis
• Use of certain ovulation medications

Moreover, if become pregnant while using an IUD, you have a significantly increased risk of developing an ectopic pregnancy.

Click Here To Learn How To Treat Infertility Naturally; Without Drugs or Surgery

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/pregnancy-articles/ectopic-pregnancy-learn-about-this-condition-3142885.html

It is not unusual that some women experience implantation bleeding in the early stages of pregnancy. Any vaginal bleeding outside implantation bleeding of pregnancy is classified as a threatened miscarriage, meaning the pregnancy is threatening to miscarriage. About 25% of all pregnancies are really miscarried but 50% of all threatened miscarriages settle down and a normal pregnancy happens.

Implantation bleeding occurs very early in pregnancy as a direct result of the fertilized egg (your growing baby) burying and snuggling its way into the lining of your womb. Implantation bleeding occurs about 10-14 days after the egg has been fertilized or when conception occurred. This is also around the time when your menstrual cycles would be expected.

Signs of implantation bleeding can vary from one pregnant woman to another. It normally mild in nature and is much lighter than a normal menstrual period.

The color of implantation bleeding can vary form bright red to brown implantation bleeding. Bright red implantation bleeding means that there is an active area of bleeding within the womb and blood is flowing from the site of implantation to the vagina very quickly. It may indicate that implantation has just occurred.

Brown implantation bleeding is the color of ancient blood. When you get brown implantation bleeding it normally means that when the fertilized egg buried it way into the womb, a small blood was released. The bleeding that occurred at the moment of implantation stayed in the womb for some time so by the time you see it on your underwear or when you wipe yourself it showed up as brown implantation bleeding.

Most cases of implantation bleeding last for a few minutes to a few days. If implantation bleeding lasts more than a few days then it may be a sign of vaginal infection or a threatened miscarriage.

Heavy implantation bleeding is unusual. The only thing you might notice with implantation bleeding is a pinkish or brown discharge when you wipe yourself after you go to the bathroom.

Cramps with implantation bleeding can happen. You may even experience cramps with or without bleeding. The reason you may experience cramps with implantation bleeding is because as the fertilized egg buries into your womb, it caused the muscle of your womb to contract. These contractions press on nerve endings and may result in mild to moderate menstrual like pains for 24-48 hours.

Don’t panic if you have any of the above signs of implantation bleeding. Remember 50% of all cases of implantation bleeding end up in a normal pregnancy.

Know your blood type. Depending on your partner’s blood type and if you are a rhesus negative blood type then it may be necessary to have an Rh-immune globulin injection within 24 hours of any pregnancy bleeding.

If you suspect you may be pregnant and your bleeding is from implantation bleeding then do a home pregnancy test. This home test should remain positive. If it is positive and you do not know your blood Rhesus factor, then call your provider for consultation for possible Rh-immune globulin.

Never insert a tampon, douche, or have sexual intercourse while you are bleeding.

Keep track of whether the bleeding is increasing or decreasing and how many pads you are using.

If you feel your pregnancy bleeding is heavier or lasting longer than the above ranges then call your health care provider for consultation immediately.

Bleeding during pregnancy is scary. Your dread is picked up by your unborn child. Intra uterine dread can stay with your child for a lifetime, so constantly reassure your baby that he or she is wanted and loved. Want to know more about how pregnancy is like from your babies viewpoint then check out my Birth, A Conscious Choice. at http://www.PregnancySuccessCoach.com

You may also be very interested in an incredible message that was telepathically dictated to me for humanity from my son when he was seven-weeks ancient. Yes you read correctly! I have the ability to communicate with baby’s emotions from inside and outside the womb. Down load this INCREDIBLE MESSAGE FREE at http://www.PregnancySuccessCoach.com/Message_For_Humanity.html

If you wish to question me a personal question about your pregnancy or an issue in your life then visit http://www.PregnancySuccessCoach.com/Ask_Hannah_Section.html

Hannah Bajor. C.N.M.,M.S.N.

Certified Nurse Midwife

Pregnancy Success Coach

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/pregnancy-articles/implantation-bleeding-during-pregnancy-is-scary-reassuring-facts-about-implantation-bleeding-472624.html

 Constipation in pregnancy can cause bloating, pain and even pre term labor. Read on to see what options pregnant women have for constipation relief during pregnancy.

Constipation relief during pregnancy is a question many pregnant women question. Approximately half of all women experience constipation in pregnancy.

 The pregnancy hormone progesterone has a relaxing effect on the intestines and this slows the movement of the bowel causing pregnancy constipation.

The growing fetus needs as much vitamins, minerals and nutrients as possible. Therefore the increasing hormone levels of a pregnant woman cause food to go slower through the bowels. This results in constipation but also gives the body more time to absorb extra nutrients.

Pregnant women need extra water for the extra blood volume required for pregnancy. Therefore the mother will absorb more water from the bowel than normal which will result in a harder, dryer bowel movement resulting in constipation.

The longer food stays in the intestines, the more water is reabsorbed from the bowel into the body to accommodate for the extra blood volume required during pregnancy.

All prenatal vitamins contain iron which is known to cause constipation in pregnancy.

 Constipation relief during pregnancy:

Drink at least 8-10 glasses of oxygen rich purified water a day.

 Increase fiber in your diet such as whole grains and brown rice.

 Eat more fresh fruit and vegetables, particularly prunes (which can be taken via prune juice).

 Peppermint tea or peppermint water can help with gas or bloating pains.

 Try to reduce stress in your life as stress can cause constipation.

 You may have to switch you prenatal vitamins over to a different brand. Even though they all have iron, some brands may be less pregnancy constipating to you than others.

 Add a small more exercise to your daily routine. If you do not normally exercise then start with 10-15 minutes walking every day. If you routinely exercise change your exercise routine slightly to see if you can stimulate bowel activity.

 Mangosteen juice Mangosteen juice has been shown to have a positive effect on all systems of the body including bowel mobility. Mangosteen is a fruit and is very effective in preventing pregnancy complications.

 Consult with a homeopath for a pregnancy safe homeopathy remedy for constipation.Avoid over-the-counter laxatives as they can stimulate uterine contractions resulting in miscarriage or pre-term labor.

 Prevention of constipation is the best place to start. Many of my pregnant clients have experienced a constipation free pregnancy by taking mangosteen and minerals on a daily basis prior and during pregnancy. Mangosteen is present in different quantities in different products. Wondering where to get more information about a high quality mangosteen and mineral product? Mangosteen is present in different quantities in different products, so do your research.

 I urge you to act at once. Read for yourself, an incredible message for humanity from my son when he was seven-weeks ancient. Yes you read correctly, he was seven weeks ancient! I have the ability to communicate with baby’s emotions from inside and outside the womb. Read it! Delight in it! Share it!

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/pregnancy-articles/constipation-in-pregnancy-constipation-relief-during-pregnancy-472655.html

PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS IN ruminants

1 Introduction

Rectal palptation in small ruminants is of small value due to the size of the pelvis. (Wani, 1981). The caudal artery monitoring, bloatment, non-return to oestrus, udder development and other tests tried have had small success, (Wani & Sahni,1980). The more recent interest in early pregnancy 3. diagnosis of small ruminants is of academic and economic importance (Mellado,2003). A highly valued zygote or embryo when transferred to a less valued surrogate mother (recipient) needs to be closely monitored and the early detection of conception helps in repeated use of baren females. Proper management of pregnant animals also prevents embryonic losses. The method applied should be safe to both offspring and dam and needs to be cheap and easily applied. A review of various methods and techniques used for early pregnancy diagnosis in small ruminants. (sheep and goats) is presented.

.2 Early Signs of Pregnancy

2.1. Maintenance of a functional corpus luteum

It was evident that conception prolongs the life of the CL and prolongation and maintenance of a functional CL is triggered by the developing conceptus. These signals ensure the maintenance of the structural integrity of the CL. Corpus luteum produces progesterone, which maintains the uterine endometrium in a state permitting embryonic development, implantation and foetal-placental development (wani,1984b) . The formation and regression of the corpus luteum (CL) in Muzzaffarinagri ewes and Jamunapari goats was monitored at 3 days intervals for an entire oestruous cycle. Laparotomy and laparoscopic methods were used in these experiments.

The Endometrium undergoes tissue remodeling. This change in Extra cellular Matrix (ECM ) components is needed for successful implantation. Cytokinens 8,18 and 19 have been detected in the caprine endometrium during early pregnancy using immunofluorescence. Thus the presence of these cytokinen at approximately day 15 post conception is indicative of pregnancy in goats.

The implantation process in goats starts around day 18 post mating. During this phase intense type I collagen staining was detected throughout the uterine caruncular and intracaruncular stroma. For embryonic trophoblastic adhesions with endometrium, local control of protease activity is suggested. (Guillomot, 1999).

The earliest signs of pregnancy is the non-regression of the cyclic CL, which can be observed by the following methods:

i. Laparoscopy and Laparotomy approximately day 18-25 post mating. (Wani, 1982, 1988, 1984b,Wani & Buchoo, 1990, Wani & Buchoo, 1993, Cuellar et al, 1990, Wani et al, 2003).

ii. Serum Progesterone values higher than 1 ng/ml e.g 2 to 3 ng/ml. (Wani, 1989; Shreif, 1997, Boscas et al, 2003, Al-Merestani et al, 1999, Zarkawiet et al, 1999). Diagnosis of Pregnancy accurately (100%) predicted on the basis of serum progesterone P4 values around 17-19 days post mating .

iii. Pregnancy associated ovine glycoproteins recorded approximately post mating indicate pregnancy in sheep. (Karen et al, 2003; Verberckmoes, et al, 2004) or secretion of 17 & 22-24 K Da proteins on day 17 post mating in the caprine conceptus. (Guillomot et al, 1998).

iv. Non-return to oestrus (Mellado, 2003)

Some of the other early pregnancy signs detected by various methods are set out in Table 1.

3 Non-rejection of early conceptus

Progesterone maintains the uterine endometrium in a state which allows for embryonic development, implantation and foetal placental development. Details of foetomaternal relationships have been described (Mufti, 1997, Mufti et al, 2000)and are shown illustrated in Fig 1to 5. The presence of an early conceptus prolongs the life of corpus- luteum. These pregnancy signals are secreted as proteins. (Heap et al, 1990). Some of these proteins have been identified as ovine Trophablast protein I (OTP-1) in sheep which prevents the release of PGF2 alpha and thus helps in the maintenance of the corpus luteum. In cyclic ewes (non-pregnant) PGF2 alpha pulses are released in response to oxytocin with receptors being in the endometrium. The earliest signal of pregnancy is detected by a marked reduction in the endometrial oxytocin receptor numbers. The OTP-1 may inhibit synthesis of endometrial receptors for oestrogen and oxytocin. This possibly prevents luteolysis and maintains the dominance of theuterus by progesterone which is pre-requisite for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. (Bretzlaft and Romano, 2001; Wani, 1996; Ala cam et al, 1988).

The expression of progesterone receptors (PR) in the caprine uterus markedly increases during the peri-implantation period and estrogen –(ER) receptors do not increase in relation to PR, thus signaling the non-rejection of the early conceptus. (Flores et al, 2001). Progesterone in milk too can be found during early fertilization and conception (Cough et al, 1989).

Caprine H-type I antigen expression is unregulated during peri-implantation and progesterone P4 level stimulate it. It may be a useful marker to signal uterine preparations for receiving and retaining pregnancy in goats. (Powell et al, 2000). The caprine pregnancy related glycoprotein (Ca PAG) may help the conceptus to develop and is found around 18-19 day post mating . (Garbayo et al 2000). Endometrial tissue the undergoes remodeling to retain the conceptus in gravid small ruminant females. (Guillomot, 1999)

The dephosphorylated state of caprine uterine myocin in early pregnancy may help the conceptus to grow. Changes in the expression of native myocin, myosin heavy chains (MHCS) and myosin light chains (MLCS) were observed. (Kumar and Katoch, 1997).

For the development of the blastocyst, a proper uterine environment is essential. Besides the maintenance of the corpus luteum, production and availability of progesterone, the non-rejection of conceptus (blastocyst) is another critical feature of this period. The embryo produces interferons (embryo-IFN). This embryo IFN is homologous with – interfersons ( ? –IFN) and Ovine Trophoblast Interferons (OTI) of early pregnancy.

Purified OTP and recombinant OTP (r-oTP) produced in yeast exhibit antiviral activity and these r-OTP and OTP inhibit the release of endometrial PGF2 ? . This helps in the non-regression of the CL and indirectly maintains the early conceptus. Intra uterine r-OTP administered at a dose of 340 µg/ day for a week maintained the C.L in cyclic ewes for a month or so of . The inter- oestruos interval in 80% of the ewes was about a month or more. This dose r-OTP was as a effective as 14-16 day ancient conceptus. OTP was found to be immunosuppressive in several in-vitro and in-vivo assays. An assay on phytohaemagglutinin A revealed both OTP and r-OTP to be immunosuppressive. This was further verified by the inhibitory activity of r-OTP in Graft Versus Host Reaction. (GVH assays). Trophoblast interferons play a strategic role in the prevention of early pregnancy loss as it inhibits CD + blastogenesis. The role of CD + cells and as helper T lymphocytes and delayed+ Type hyper sensitivity mediators (DTHS) would clarify this immuno- suppressive rate of OTP. (ILeri et al, 1996; Karen et al, 2003; Wani, 1996).

3.4 Oestrogen: – Pregesterone ratio (E:P ratio)

The role of oxytocin in inducing uterine PGF2 alpha was discussed earlier. But, the release of PGF2 under the action of oxytocin depends on or is controlled by progesterone and oestradiol. It was further indicated that ewes with a high E:P ratio may generate stronger luteolytic signals. It was demonstrated that low progesterone and high oestradiol combination record the largest and sustained increase in PGF2 alpha following oxytocin injection. Trophoblast interferons act locally to suppress the uterine oxytocin receptors in sheep.(Karen et al, 2003 ).

5 Maternal recognition of pregnancy

The maternal recognition of pregnancy in sheep and cattle is centered around the production by the trophoblast of type I x interferon (tINF). This tIFN then suppresses uterine oxytocin receptor concentrations (OTr). The oxytocin receptor (OTr) occupancy is associated with oxytocin induced PGF2 alpha release. OTr inhibition may represent the principal antiluteolytic mechanism of tIFN and secretion of the conceptus secretory proteins or bovine recombinant IFN to the uterus reduces OTr. Concentrations in intact and ovarectionized steroid treated ewes . A relationship between the conceptus secretory proteins and the metabolic products and those in the peripheral blood of the dam exists. ( Mufti; 1996; Mufti et al, 2000). There are conflicting reports making the action of oestradiol on oxytocin receptor concentration. (Powell et al, 2000). Trophoblastic cells contain interferon on day 14-17 after mating. During maternal recognition of pregnancy goat interferon was detected on day 18 post mating, its absence signifies pregnancy maintenance has been taken over by the corpus luteum. Thus a very thin line exists between maternal recognition of pregnancy and its maintenance or sustenance by the CL. (Gillomot et al, 1998).

6 The Reliability Pregnancy tests

Various methods used for correctly predicting pregnancy in sheep and goats during gestation have been summarized in Table 2. The accuracy varies from 70 to100% with different ultrasonic equipment. Different models as well as principles involved have been extensively reviewed (Wani, 1991; Wani et al,1998) and other methods of pregnancy detection during this stage e.g serum progesterone determination, vaginal cytology, laparotomy, estrone sulphate are summarized (Table-2). Various techniques were also evaluated in assessing mid-gestation. The various pregnancy signs as quoted by

various researchers using ultrasonography are summarized in Table 3. Of late certain anatomical features in the live, developing conceptus in vivo have been reported. This is reviewed and a summary is presented (Table 4). Various live foetal measurements like Biparietal diameter, Amniotic vesicle diameter, foetal radius and Tibia lengths are reviewed and shown (Table 5). Various pregnancy related images, histological sections and morphology of endometeruim have recently be published (Wani et al 2007, 2006 abc) where images are presented 6-15

References

Alacam-E; Dinc-DA; Guler-M; Eroz-S;Sezer-AN, 1988. Veteriner-Fakultesi-Dergisi, Selcuk-Universitesi, 4(1),91-98.

Al-Merestani-MR; Zarkawi-M; Wardeh-M, 1999. Early breeding and pregnancy diagnosis in Syrian Awassi sheep yearlings. Reproduction –in-Domestic-Animals, 34(5), 413-416.

Blasco-I;Foklch-J; Echegoyen-E, 1989. Tecnica-Economica-Agraria, 20(82), 22-31.

Boscos, C.M; Samartzi, F.C; Lymberopoulos;A.G; Stefanakis, A; Belibasaki, S; 2003.. Reproduction in domestic Animals. 38(3), 170-174. Assessment of progesterone concentration using enzyme immunoassay for early pregnancy diagnosis in sheep & Goats.

Boscos. CM; Samartzi.FC; Lymberopoulos-AG; Stefanakis-A; Belibasaki-S, 2003.. Reproduction-in-Domestic-Animals, 38(3), 170 – 174. Assessment of progesterone concentration using enzymeimmunoassay, for early pregnancy diagnosis in sheep and goats

Bozkurt, T; Gundogan, M; Esen, F; Kul.S; 1999. Saglik- Bilimleri- Dergisi– Firat- Universitesi. 13(2),185-180. The use of B mode real time ultrasonography rectally for early pregnancy diagnosis in sheep

Bozkurt-T; Gundogan-M; Esen-F; Kul-S, 1999. Saglik-Bilimleri-Dergisi,-Firat-Universitesi, 13(2), 185-188. The use of B mode real-time ultrasonography rectally for early pregnancy diagnosis in sheep

Bretzlaff-KN; Romano-JE, 2001. Veterinary-clinics-of-North-America, Food-Animal-Practice, 17(2), 421-434. Advanced reproductive techniques in goats.

Calamari-CV;2001. Avaliacao-de-dois-metodos-de-diagnostico-precoce-de-gestacao-em-ovelhas:Ultrasonografia-transretal-e-detector-de-prenhez-para-pequenos- ruminantes – DPPR-80R.2001, 57pp. Evaluation of two methods for early pregnancy diagnosis inewe: transectal ultrasonography and pregnancy detector for small ruminant (DPPR-80®).

Chalhoub-M; Prestes-NC; Lopes-MD; Trinca-LA; Ribeiro-Filho-AL, 2001. Ars-Veterinaria, 17(1), 17-21. Pregnancy diagnosis and embryological/fetal quantification by transrectal ultrasonography in sheep.

Chen-Zao Ying; Lun-SiChun; Cao-Hong; Chen-Zy; Lun-SC; Cao-H, 1996.. Chinese Journal-of-Veterinary-Science- and-Technology, 26(2), 12-15. Study on early pregnancy diagnosis of ewes by ultrasonic tomographic scanning

Cuellar-C; Fontanillas-JC; Palacio-M-del; Perez-Fuentes-J, 1990. Avances-en-Alimentaction-y-Mejora-Animal, 30(6), 251-257. A comparison of early pregnancy diagnosis in Manchega ewes using endoscopy or ultrasonics.

Chemineau, P; Gauthier, D; Poirier, J.C; Saumande, J. 1982.. Theriogenology. 13 (3), 313-323. Plasma levels of LH, FSH, Prolactin, Oestradiol 17B and progesterone during natural and induced oestrus in the diary goat

Cuoghi, F; Castagnetti, G.M; 1989.. Informatore- Agrario. 47, 27-32. Progesterone in milk- a method of early pregnancy diagnosis

Dickie-MB; Holzmann-A, 1992.. Journal of Veterinary-Medicine- Series-A,39(7), 525-530. Investigations concerning the use of progesterone tests (Serozyme-Progesterone, Ovucheck) for pregnancy diagnosis of mountain sheep

Dionysius, D.A; 1991. Australian. Veterinary Journal.68(1), 14-16. Pregnancy diagnosis in diary goats using progesterone assay kits.

Flores, J.M; Sanchez, M. A; Nieto, A; Sanchez, B; Gonzalez, M; Garcia, P. 2001. Theriogenology. 56(2), 341-55. Delection of estrogen alpha and progesterone receptors and cell proliferation in the uterus during early pregnancy in goat

Garbayo,J-M; Green,J-A; Manikkam,M; Beckers,J-F; Kiesling,D-O; Ealy,A-D, Roberts, R-M, 2000. Mol-Reprod-Dev. 57(4), their cloning, expression and evolutionary relationship to other PAG.

Garcia-A; Neary-MK; Kelly-GR; Pierson-RA, 1993.. Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA, 39((4), 847-861. Accuracy of Ultrasonography in early

Richardson, C 1972; Pregnancy diagnosis in the ewe. Vet Record. 90, 264- 275.

Slosarz, P; Steppa,R;Gadek,A: 1999. Medychna waterynaryjna 55(10),686-688. The application of ultrasound for early pregnancy diagnosis in sheep

Shrief, M; 1997.. M.VSc Thesis, S.K. Univ.Agric.Sc & Technology, Shalimar, J&K India. Investigations on Caprine Ovarian activities during Oestrus cycle.

Tajik-P;Abbas-Veshkini;Sarang-Soroori, 2001. Veterinary-Conference-University of Stellenbosch, South-Africa. Measurement of different parts in Chall fetuses to determine the pregnancy age. Proceedings-of-the-5th –International- Sheep-

Taverne, M.A.M; 1991. Tievarztliche. Monatsschrift. 78(10),341-345. Application of two dimensional ultrasound in Animal Reproduction Wiener

Verberckmoes, S; Vandaela, L; Cat,S.de; EL-Ameri, B;Sulon, J;Duchateau, L; Kruif, A.de; Beckers. J.F; Soom, A. Van; de-cat.S; de-Kruif, A;Van-Soom, A;2004. Vlaams- Diergeneeskundig- Tijdschrift. 73(2), 119-27. A new test for early pregnancy diagnosis in sheep: determination of ovine pregnancy associate glycoprotein (OVPAG) concentration means of a homologous radio immunoassay.

Wani, G.M, 1981. Ultrasonic pregnancy diagnosis in Sheep and Goats World Review of Anim. Prod. 17, 43-48.

Wani,G.M, 1982;. World Review of Anim. Prod. 18,7-13. Laparoscopy in farm Animals.

Wani, G.M; 1991. Proc. Ist. National Seminar on small Ruminant Reproduction, CSWRI, Avikanagar, Rajasthan- India. Use of Laparoscope, ultrasound imaging in small ruminant Reproduction.

Wani-N.A; Shabeena-Mustafa; Misra-AK; Maurya-SN; Mustafa-S; 2003. Pregnancy diagnosis in farm animals – a review. Indian- Journal-of – Dairy-Science 56 (1),1- 8.

Wani, N.A; Wani, G.M; Mufti, A.M; Khan, M.Z. 1998. Small Ruminant Research. 29, 239-240. Ultrasonic pregnancy diagnosis in gaddi goats

Wani, G.M; Sahni, K.L; 1980.. Vet. Research. Journal 2(1), 35-73. An ultrasonic technique for detection of pregnancy in Sheep and Goats

Wani, G.M; Sahni, K.L; 1981.. Indian. J. Anim. Sci. 51 (2), 194-197. Ultrasonic pregnancy diagnosis in ewes under tropical field conditions

Wani, G.M; Sahni, K.L; 1988.. Indian. J. Anim. Sci. 58(7), 802-804. Ovulation detection by Laparoscopy in Sheep

Wani, G.M; 1982.. World Review of Anim. Prod. 18(1), 7-13. Laparoscopy in Farm Animals

Wani, G.M; 1984a. Dr. Med. Vet.Diss.Tierartzlichen Hochscule, Hannover, Germany. Investigations on Embryo production and culture in goats.

Wani, G.M; 1984b.. Ph.D thesis, Indian vet. Res. Inst, Izatnagar- U.P. India. Investigations on ovarian activity, ovulation and frequency diagnosis in sheep and goats

Wani, G.M; 1989.. Indian Journakl Animal Reprod. 10(1), 44-46. Plasma progesterone concentrations during oestrus cycle in goats

Wani, G.M, 1996. Embryo Biotechnology in sheep & goats. Published valley Book House, University Road, Hazratbal, Srinagar.

Wani, G.M; Buchoo,B.A; 1990.. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 60(5), 564-68. Laparoscopic view of ovine conceptus

Wani, G.M; Buchoo, B.A; 1993. Indian. J.Anim. Sci. 63(3), 300. Prediction of Ovarian response in sheep by laparoscopy.

Zarkawi-M; Al-Merestani-MR; Wardeh-MF, 1999. Small-Ruminant-Research, 33(1), 99-102. Induction of synchronized oestrous and early pregnancy diagnosis in Syrian Awassi ewes, outside the breeding season.

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/education-articles/early-pregnancy-diagnosis-in-ruminants-358409.html

Heartburn relief during pregnancy is a common concern many pregnant women have. Read on to see what you what heartburn remedies during pregnancy are available.

What causes early pregnancy heartburn?

Heartburn in early pregnancy is a common complaint. The hormone progesterone is released as soon a woman becomes pregnant and can cause many early pregnancy symptoms which include pregnancy heartburn. Progesterone causes relaxation of the cardiac sphincter of the stomach which is the muscle between the stomach and the esophagus (food pipe). Relaxation of this muscle allows for some gastric acid and food to flow backwards and re-enter the esophagus (food pipe). Gastric acid irritates the lining of the esophagus causing a burning sensation in the center of the chest called pregnancy heartburn.

As your baby grows larger and takes up more room in the abdominal area, the stomach itself is displaced and squashed. The growing uterus can permanently press on the cardiac sphincter of the stomach and allow gastric juices and food to constantly leak back into the esophagus (wind pipe) which may cause severe heartburn during pregnancy.

Heartburn remedies during pregnancy

Heartburn relief during pregnancy can be achieved by eating yogurt or drinking a glass of milk.

Try a tablespoon of honey in a glass of warm milk for pregnancy heartburn relief.

Eat smaller more frequent meals throughout the day rather than three large meals.

Avoid spicy, greasy, fatty foods, peppers and tomatoes produce extra gastric acid causing pregnancy heartburn.

Avoid foods that relax the cardiac sphincter of the stomach such as alcohol, peppermint, garlic, and chocolate.

Avoid eating for at least two hours before going to bed.

Do not lie down after eating to prevent the food from the stomach flowing back into your esophagus causing pregnancy heartburn.

Mild over-the-counter antacids such as Mylanta or Tums may prove helpful in relieving heartburn pregnancy symptom.

If your heartburn symptoms are severe or accompanied by headache or swelling (especially if you are later on in pregnancy) consult with your health care provider immediately as you may have pre-eclampsia of pregnancy.

Sleeping with extra pillows under your head to keep your stomach lower than your esophagus (food pipe) works very well to give you a better start to the day and a better nights sleep.

One of the most effective heartburn remedies during pregnancy is to try to prevent heartburn developing in the first place. The healthier you are prior pregnancy and the healthier you eat during pregnancy can have a direct correlation to the amount of pregnancy symptoms you have. I want to invite you to supplement with a high quality Mangosteen and mineral product that many of my pregnant clients use to right misalignments within the body and encourage the stomach to produce the right amount of gastric acid that you body needs for digestion. Visit http://www.VemmaMidwife.com

You may also be very interested in an incredible message that was telepathically dictated to me for humanity from my son when he was seven-weeks ancient. Yes you read correctly! I have the ability to communicate with baby’s emotions from inside and outside the womb. Down load this INCREDIBLE MESSAGE FREE at http://www.PregnancySuccessCoach.com/Message_For_Humanity.html

If you wish to question me a personal question about your pregnancy or an issue in your life then visit http://www.PregnancySuccessCoach.com/Ask_Hannah_Section.html

Hannah Bajor. C.N.M.,M.S.N.

Certified Nurse Midwife.

Pregnancy Success Coach 

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/pregnancy-articles/heartburn-remedies-during-pregnancy-that-can-help-relieve-your-pregnancy-heartburn-misery-472604.html

Is it normal to have fatigue in early pregnancy? Read on to learn why fatigue in early pregnancy happens and what you can do to make sure you are not nutritionally depleted.

Pregnancy is an incredible event in a woman’s life. No matter how long or how hard we study pregnancy we will never fully know why women get so many very early pregnancy symptoms such as pregnancy fatigue.

From the moment of conception, the developing fetus needs lots of vitamins and minerals to ensure normal cell and organ growth and to prevent congenital abnormalities. As the developing fetus grows it also grows a living organ called the placenta, that allows vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, oxygen, nutrients, hormones and blood to cross from the mother’s blood supply to the developing fetus.

Mothers are givers by nature and during pregnancy they unconditionally and continuously give all their reserve nutrients to their offspring in an attempt to grow a healthy baby. Under normal pregnancy this is be a huge physical drain on the mother’s physical energy level and this is why pregnant women are given pre-natal vitamins.

Prior pregnancy many men and women are depleted in vitamins and minerals because of our lifestyles and the food we eat. Vitamins and minerals are essential in building healthy cells and organs. Many miscarriages are caused by abnormal eggs and sperms due to the lack of adequate vitamins and minerals in the cells prior to conception.

A body lacking vitamins and minerals is in a depleted state which can cause physical disease, irritability, depression and fatigue. The stress of pregnancy on top of this depletion results in a lot of pregnancy fatigue.

Pregnant women need more sleep than normal as when they sleep there is less physical stress on the mother’s body. Therefore sleep gives the mother a better chance of adjusting to all the demands of pregnancy.

It is very vital as soon as you know you are pregnant to take vitamins and minerals, especially folic acid (600-micrograms) as folic acid helps prevent congenital abnormalities. If you are not already supplementing your diet with vitamins and minerals, then buy some until you have an appointment with your health care provider.

Better still, if you are plotting to get pregnant, start supplementing your diet with vitamins and minerals to make your body more nutritionally sound, reduce miscarriage risk and reduce the degree of fatigue during early pregnancy.

OK I have spoken a lot about vitamins, minerals and antioxidants and you may be wondering how could you be nutritionally depleted or even be tired if you already supplement. Well the truth is most people supplement with vitamins only and they supplement with a pill delivery system which has a very poor absorption rate. The best way to supplement is a liquid delivery system which has about a 95% absorption rate. Vitamins alone are not excellent enough, the body needs minerals for optimal health and minerals are necessary to absorb vitamins. For information about a high quality vitamin, mineral and antioxidant product view

http://www.PregnancySuccessCoach.com

You may also be very interested in an incredible message that was telepathically dictated to me for humanity from my son when he was seven-weeks ancient. Yes you read correctly! I have the ability to communicate with baby’s emotions from inside and outside the womb. Down load this INCREDIBLE MESSAGE FREE at

http://www.PregnancySuccessCoach.com/Message_For_Humanity.html

If you wish to question me a personal question about your pregnancy or an issue in your life then visit http://www.PregnancySuccessCoach.com/Ask_Hannah_Section.html

Hannah Bajor. C.N.M.,M.S.N.

Certified Nurse Midwife

Pregnancy Success Coach

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/pregnancy-articles/fatigue-in-early-pregnancy-can-be-normal-or-it-may-be-a-sign-you-are-nutritionally-depleted-472653.html

 Pregnancy after  miscarriage is a common concern for many women that had a miscarriage. Read on to see what you can do to make a more successful pregnancy after a miscarriage.

20 -25% of all pregnancies end in a miscarriage. No two pregnancies are alike. Each pregnancy is a unique experience for a woman and the incoming child so we cannot compare one pregnancy to another. The success rate of a pregnancy after a miscarriage can be increased with these following tips:

Be nutritionally healthier prior to and during pregnancy. From the moment of conception your unborn child needs to constantly multiply every cell in their body to grow every organ and structure to be normal. The most common cause of an early miscarriage is an abnormal baby resulting from a defective egg or sperm. These issues are easily corrected to prevent a recurrent miscarriage. It is not excellent enough to just eat healthier as most of the food we eat lacks basic nutrition and minerals. But it is essential to take in a high quality supplement of vitamins and minerals that has a fantastic absorption rate. A nutritionally healthy body will make your pregnancy after miscarriage stronger.

Keep your body constantly detoxified will also prevent miscarriages and make pregnancy after miscarriage simpler. Many people are unaware that their bodies are in a constant toxic state unless they are taking antioxidants on a daily basis. Toxins can ruin healthy cells including the female egg, the male sperm and the growing fetus. Toxins comes from the following

Pesticides on the fruit and vegetables we eat unless they are organic.

Additives and preservatives in our foods.

Pollution in the air we breathe.

Chemicals in the water we drink.

From within our own bodies, for example every time we work out we generate free radicals that are toxic to our bodies.

Medication we take.

60% of all pregnancies are unplanned and when a pregnant woman has ambivalence about her pregnancy it increases the chances of a miscarriage. Therefore, if you want to have a successful pregnancy, immediately accept this baby.

Listen to your body. If your body is telling you to take it simple and not to have intercourse during your pregnancy, then listen to your own inner guidance. Pregnancy is much more than a physical and emotional process. Pregnancy takes a tremendous amount of energy from the mother as so many things happen to the mother and the incoming baby all at the same time. Going against your inner guidance can off set a normal pregnancy.

Pregnancy after miscarriage comes with concerns that another miscarriage will happen. This is normal but may even cause another miscarriage. Regardless of your obstetrical history it is very vital not to worry and have as small stress as possible. Be positive and bond with your baby. Let your baby know he or she is loved and wanted.

If you are having a hard time getting over the loss of your miscarried baby then maybe you might want to consider some energetic healing-coaching over the telephone with me. I have helped so many women turn the corner of miscarriage grief so their life is less saddened. For information about a high quality vitamin, mineral and mangosteen product and my book Birth, A Conscious Choice visit http://www.PregnancySuccessCoach.com

You may also be very interested in an incredible message that was telepathically dictated to me for humanity from my son when he was seven-weeks ancient. Yes you read correctly! I have the ability to communicate with baby’s emotions from inside and outside the womb. Down load this INCREDIBLE MESSAGE FREE at http://www.PregnancySuccessCoach.com/Message_For_Humanity.html

If you wish to question me a personal question about your pregnancy or an issue in your life then visit http://www.PregnancySuccessCoach.com/Ask_Hannah_Section.html

Hannah Bajor. C.N.M.,M.S.N.

Certified Nurse Midwife

Pregnancy Success Coach

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/pregnancy-articles/pregnancy-after-miscarriage-tips-to-prevent-your-next-pregnancy-ending-in-another-miscarriage-472647.html